Dependent on intuition and experience with no reproducibility. Past decisions are not learned from, leading to many repetitions.

Internal coordination and approval take time, delaying responses. Decision rationale is unclear, making it impossible to fulfill accountability.

Vulnerable to external changes, resulting in stockouts and excess inventory. Cannot respond to instant changes such as price surges, weather, and policies.

Opportunity losses due to declining prediction accuracy, increased inventory costs, and insufficient optimization of procurement and logistics costs pressure profitability.